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Every second, a shower of muons flows through the atmosphere, crawls th=
rough our bodies and through everything it crosses.
Those particle are originated in the stratospheric region of the=
Earth from the interaction of Cosmic Rays with the h=
ighest layers of the atmosphere. Cosmic Rays are mainly composed of H+=
and He++ (p and =CE=B1 particles) gen=
erated outside out solar system, in the inner regions of our galaxy or comi=
ng from extragalactic sources.
Materials with high atomic number (Z) are able =
to bend the muons trajectory. This phenomenon, known as Coulomb scattering, can be used to determine a relative densi=
ty three-dimensional map of the volume enclosed by a set of muon trackers. =
You can learn all the technical details reading the scientific literature on the argument.
If you just want a brief, simplified introduction, read on!
Since the behaviour of the scattering of heavy, charged particle inside =
a defined volume of matter is known, one can evince the distribution of the=
matter inside a volume given a defined measure of the scattering of such p=
articles inside the said volume. In order to quantify this knowledge, we mu=
st bind the round mean squared of the distribution of the scattering angles=
=CE=B8i of a set of particles =
crossing a distance i
= = span>
where pi is the particle momentum and = b= =3D13.6MeV/c. The scattering = density =CE=BB=3D1/X0 is proportional to the m= ass density =CF=81 and = the atomic number Z of t= he crossed material as follows:
As a consequence, the ability to reconstr= uct a 3D map of the scattering density values of a closed volume under insp= ection allows to identify high Z, high =CF=81 ma= terials. This can be achieved measuring a large set of muons crossing the v= olume and scattering inside the enclosed matter. Given this dataset, it is = possible to write the probability to have the 3D density distribution =CE=BB = span>inside the volume as:
where the index <=
span class=3D"math">i =
runs over the muons of the dataset of size
A cosmic ray interacting with the upper at= mosphere